MLK && Civil Disobedience:
Martin Luther King Jr. faced almost constant criticism throughout his career, much of it harsh. His enemies circulated rumors of his affairs, rumors that were latter confirmed. There was also innuendo about his academic record. He was accused, for instance, of plagiarism on his Ph.D. dissertation. But in the face of these attacks, he not only persevered, he succeeded. Like such Biblical figures as Abraham and David--each of whom had their own moral failings--King did not succumb to weakness, but overcame it. As a result, the landscape of modern America will never be the same. His strategy of civil disobedience and his philosophy of non-violent resistance made him one of the most influential Americans to ever live.
Power of the "Mob":
African Americans mounted resistance to lynchings in numerous ways. Intellectuals and journalists encouraged public education, actively protesting and lobbying against lynch mob violence and government complicity in that violence. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), as well as numerous other organizations, organized support from white and black Americans alike. African-American women's clubs, such as the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, raised funds to support the work of public campaigns, including anti-lynching plays.
Plessy v. Ferguson vs. Brown v. The Board of Education:
The issue of whether public facilities may be segregated based on race first arose in the context of transportation, not education. In the 1896 case of Plessy v Ferguson, the Supreme Court concluded that a Louisiana law requiring whites and blacks to ride in separate railroad cars did not violate the Equal Protection Clause.In 1954, the Supreme Court decided the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. "Racially segregated schools," the Court concluded, are "inherently unequal." The Court found support for its decision in studies that indicated that minority students learn better in racially mixed classrooms.
Civil Rights Goals:
The goals of the civil rights movement were meaningful civil rights laws, a massive federal works program, full and fair employment, decent housing, the right to vote, and adequate integrated education.
Eisenhower's Role in Little Rock:
To ensure that the Little Rock Nine could complete a full day of classes, President Eisenhower sent the 101st Airborne Division into Little Rock. The 101st patrolled outside the school and escorted the black students into the school. In addition, the black students were assigned a personal guard from the 101st who followed them around the school. He believed in the law!
Rights of the Accused:
The rights of the accused is a "class" of civil and political rights that apply to a person accused of a crime, from when he or she is arrested and charged to when he or she is either convicted or acquitted. Rights of the accused are generally based on the maxim of "innocent until proven guilty" and are embodied in due process.
In the United States, these rights are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights (the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution), particularly in the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments.
The rights of the accused sometimes comes into conflict with promotion of victims' rights.
Brown v. Broad of Education:
In 1954, the Supreme Court decided the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. "Racially segregated schools," the Court concluded, are "inherently unequal." The Court found support for its decision in studies that indicated that minority students learn better in racially mixed classrooms.
Chavez and the United Farm Workers (UFW):
César Estrada Chávez was an American farm worker, labor leader, and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association, which later became the United Farm Workers . A Mexican American, Chávez became the best known Latino civil rights activist, and was strongly promoted by the American labor movement eager to enroll Hispanic members. His public-relations approach to unionism and aggressive but nonviolent tactics made the farm workers' struggle a moral cause with nationwide support. By the late 1970s, his tactics had forced growers to recognize the UFW as the bargaining agent for 50,000 field workers in California and Florida. However, by the mid-1980s membership in the UFW had dwindled to around 15,000.
FHA && ADA:
The Fair Housing Act (FHA) and
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Facilities developed for use as transient lodging such as hotels, motels, and other resort facilities must comply with the stringent accessibility requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and corresponding state regulations. To the extent that the facilities are residential in nature, they may be subject to the provisions of the federal Fair Housing Act.
Purpose of Filibusters:
The filibuster is widely viewed as one of the Senate’s most characteristic
procedural features. Filibustering includes any use of dilatory or obstructive tactics
to block a measure by preventing it from coming to a vote. The possibility of
filibusters exists because Senate rules place few limits on Senators’ rights and
opportunities in the legislative process.
Sit-Ins and other Protests:
A form of protest that involves occupying seats or sitting down on the floor of an establishment. Also Freedom Riders and the Bus Boycott are other protest that took place during the civil rights movement.
